2018 Scienceline Publication

Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism

Volume 8, Issue 6: 66-70; November 25, 2018

ISSN-2252-0430

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2018.jceu11

Restoration and Rehabilitation of Historical Context

Mahdieh Alipour^and Hanieh Akbarpour

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Maragheh Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), East Azarbaijan, Iran

Corresponding author’s Email: mahdiehalipour@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The conventional development system in the country is unaware of the potential possibilities of historical contexts

and has led them to erosion and destruction more than ever in the course of development. Getting out of this

phenomenon requires serious attention to these assets, which in themselves have the theme of sustainable

development. Old neighbourhoods in historical contexts reflect the structure of the family, neighbourhood units,

social, economic, cultural and physical structure that changes related to changes from the first Pahlavi period

onwards, changed their structure and overshadowed their inherent identity. The main purpose of this article is to

establish a measured relationship between conservation and part of sustainable development that can link assets in

historical contexts to the new city, as original models in the development system. The research method is analytical-

interpretive and with a pathological view from the social, cultural and economic aspects. The main findings of the

research emphasize the wide dimensions of the structures in the historical city. On the other hand, it considers

tourism as a part of the economic development system in the texture and in the connection between the old and the

new city. The final product of this research is to achieve strategies with an asset-based approach in order to make

the new urban development system aware of the social, physical, economic and cultural capital of historical

contexts.

Key words: Architectural spaces, Restoration, Historical Context, Rehabilitation, Neighbourhoods

INTRODUCTION



Original structures of historical context

Existing structures of historical context

Optimal and alternative structures in the historical

context

Today, historical contexts in our country play the role of

urban service centers and residential neighborhoods

(Niroumand Shishvan, 2016 ). Some are considered as

workplaces and suitable for economic, social and cultural

activities and have different physical forms that, while

presenting some differences, are deeply connected with

the spatial physical elements of the contemporary city. On

the other hand, some of these textures have become

deserted neighborhoods and islands isolated from urban

life (Abdelmonem and Selim, 2005; Hosseini and

Rostamtash, 2014 ).

Historical structures in a number of cities and towns

are an active part of the contemporary city structure, such

as the commercial structure of Tehran, which still plays

this role. However, life in the historical context is in no

way separate from urban life, but both form a whole. "The

social structure of the historical context is structures with

a historical pattern that have undergone changes in the

critical growth conditions of the city and have been

exposed to crisis damage" (such as family structure,

neighborhood unit and other issues). Controlling critical

growth and contributing to the sustainability of urban

development is a necessity that will not be possible

without restoring balance and achieving structural unity of

the city, so this can be achieved by establishing the unity

of new social structures in Tehran with its historical

structures. In general, the social structures of historical

contexts are divided into three groups:

The first group acts as a potential for the second and

third group ( From the late Qajar and the beginning of the

Pahlavi era the critical growth of the city begins due to

social, political and economic changes at the national and

global levels. One of the mechanisms to deal with this

crisis is to pay attention to the historical core of cities and

empower their social structure at local, national and global

levels as a leading model in urban reform. In this paper,

macro-social, spatial, physical and environmental

categories of historical contexts, such as civic life, the

relationship between man and the environment, space and

place, bio-economics, and other issues are considered.

Because of their socio-human structures, the historical

context, have a mechanism similar to that of human

beings and have passed on their basic characteristics to

future generations. Thus, through the mechanisms of

regeneration, the concept of internal regeneration of

historical textures will be realized, and if the phenomenon

of regeneration neglects this, it will lose its true meaning.

The protection of cultural heritage assets, what is now

called ‘cultural heritage management’ and in the USA is

often called ‘cultural resource management’, has long

been primarily about the conservation or restoration of

monuments, even when attributed cultural significance

occurs throughout an urban area (Veldpaus et al., 2013 ).

To cite this paper: Alipour

and Akbarpour

(2018). Restoration and rehabilitation of historical context. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (6): 66-70. DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2018.jceu11

Restoration: Architectural restoration is a branch of

architectural art that leads to the physical, structural and

functional restoration of historical spaces, based on the

knowledge and study of historical and archeological

buildings and textures. This art, which is a mixed branch

of knowledge, technology, engineering and architectural

art, includes various forms and levels of research on

historical art and architecture, and it can be defined and

interpreted in various scales.

in its current state compared to its previous state. There is

no claim in this method to make extraordinary decisions,

whether technical or philosophical.

2- Stylistic reconstruction or anastylosis:

Reconstruction of the architectural style of buildings

belonging to buildings of very old times, the extent of

their destruction is so great that they are not limited to

building elements. Buildings are restored to anastylosis,

which indicates the existence of a particular style or

method of architecture.

3- Stylistic cleaning

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The extent of the interference and the number of

elements or sections added to the main building may be

recognized as extreme or unnecessary by the next restorer.

Following such a perception, the building is freed from

elements that are found to be heterogeneous and

redundant in relation to the original form of the building.

The ruling that what was later added to or taken from the

body of the building and combined with it in another way,

and should be removed, is highly controversial and

rejected in the written and authoritative literature of the

last half century. This style of operational reconstruction

is quite the opposite of what has been said so far.

Therefore, anything unrelated to our architecture is

removed to preserve its true form in the past. Upon

complete inspection of the building, additional parts and

elements of the building will be removed.

Definitions of Restoration Science: As a general and

specific term, restoration is

technical-practical

intervention to ensure the continuity of a work of art.

Definition of restoration concepts: The most important

concepts used in restoration include renovation,

improvement and reconstruction, which together mean

intervention.

Improvement: A series of procedures to improve the

body in short term and include repair, protection, support

and strengthening that together mean the physical concept

of rehabilitation.

Renovation: A set of actions that replaces old

structures with new ones or gives them a very new look.

Reconstruction: means mechanical reconstruction and

without considering the intellectual and theoretical

dimensions of the modernist, it’s a structural state of

architecture or urban planning that has been destroyed.

Types of restoration and its styles: From 1840

onwards, two types of restoration theories gradually

emerged.

4- Supplementary or additional restoration:

Reconstruction of the lost parts of the old building is done

in order to complete the physical and functional existence

of the building and to participate in the public life of the

environment.

Scientific and archaeological restoration: excavating

classical buildings, mounting their components and

elements, as well as shaping the building for tourists to

visit and for researchers to study. The buildings of this

type belong to the classical period, especially Greece and

Rome, so their function has changed throughout history

and is kept only for study and research.

The artistic restoration: in which the restorer allows

himself to re-create and reconstruct parts of the building

that have been destroyed or did not exist at all with his

fantasy. The buildings of this type are related to the

Gothic and Renaissance periods.

identifying and classifying the various basic goals and

needs that are the main drivers of architectural restoration,

represent the well-known, stable, and generalizable

architectural methods of restoration which according to

their differences, existing experiences and topics have

more or less appeared in reputable books and publications

related to architectural restoration. This classification is:

1- Protective restoration:

5- Reconstruction or historical restoration: In this

way, the historical role of the building will determine how

it will be restored. In practice, this type of regeneration is

formed by combining anastylosis, freeing the building

from non-original parts, and supplementary restoration.

6- Strengthening restoration: Intervention in the

physical condition of the building is done to strengthen

and ensure the stability of the building complexes.

7- Comprehensive restoration: In this type of

restoration, measures are taken to erect, protect and

rehabilitate the building, and all styles may be used. In

this type of restoration, in addition to erecting and

maintaining the building, the function and restoration of

the building is also important

Historical periods of restoration

Restoration in the Middle Ages

1- Reconstruction in terms of shape and form

2- No attention was paid to the principles of aesthetics and

archeological issues

Its main purpose is to maintain and protect the

building. In protective restoration, the amount of

intervention in the existing form and conditions is such

that it can maintain the similarity of the restored building

Restoration in the Renaissance

1- Using the effect as a model

2- Manipulation in the building was normal (adding or

completing a part)

To cite this paper: Alipour

and Akbarpour

(2018). Restoration and rehabilitation of historical context. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (6): 66-70. DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2018.jceu11

3- The principle of beauty has been considered by the

architect

4. The architects of this period believed that the

monument should be completed as it should be (and

for some reason remained incomplete).

several historical cities. The seminar on the continuation

of life in the context of 1988 was subsequently held in the

old year of Iranian cities by the restoration group of the

University of Science and Technology, and a collection of

articles focusing on the values in the historical context

was published. The most important results of this seminar

in 1993 - the need to pay attention to physical disorders 1

is as follows:

1. The need for cooperation between all institutions

and social tissues.

2. The need to form new institutions in the context

of people's participation

3. The need to criticize the activities carried out

historically. Establishment of a study center for the

preservation and restoration of historical textures. In an

article entitled "A Review of Neighborhood Sustainable

Development Policies with an Asset-Based Approach and

Emphasis on Social and Physical Employees", the final

conclusion according to the concept of sustainable

neighborhood development in an asset-based approach is

the cohesion of capital is a practical solution for

sustainable neighborhood development, and this

neighborhood development will ultimately lead to a real

improvement in the quality of life of people. Recreating

historical contexts generally requires effective and

appropriate measures which the context is faced with,

because each of the above contexts is in stable, relatively

stable and sometimes unstable conditions.

Restoration in the Baroque period

Importance of the restored part so that the original

work was of secondary importance. During this period the

following powers were given to the repairer:

1- Creating a new work due to using the architectural

features of the restoration time

2- Completing the work of art with an argument: It may

have been like this one day.

3- Using works of art separated from the work as a

decorative factor or décor

Restoration during the Industrial Revolution

The three arts of this period (architecture, painting,

and sculpture) have become secondary in nature because

they are based on the nature of objects and the experience

of the past. Reconstruction and restoration activities for

historical buildings are executed in accordance with the

Existing standards for conservation of historical and

cultural monuments (Kareeva and Glazkova, 2017). The

system of classical architecture manifests the necessary

features that are beyond the historical limitations in a

particular work. Whereas in the "Romanticism" period,

which is the period after Neoclassicism, they value the art

that really has artistic value. It is no different from the

original work and all stages of study and research have

been done and planned by archaeologists. Restoration of

classical buildings due to the importance of the classical

period, both for sale and for the preservation of works - in

the absence of sufficient evidence, the restoration was

done even with speculation.

For some time, heritage and landscape have constituted

unrelated terms. Still, for much of the nineteenth century,

a monument was considered and conceived as something

completely isolated from its environment (Azpeitia

Santander et al., 2018).

Acceptable restoration in this course: 1- Stylistic

restoration (Jovanikazanova); 2- Observance of

Winkelmann hierarchy.

Historical contexts over time

Today, the remnants and evidences of planned

interventions in most cities of Iran can be traced and

observed over time. At some point in history,

governments have intervened in the structure of Iranian

cities in order to achieve their political and economic

goals and created spaces in connection with the old city

and in the monopoly of government functions. The

reflection of the change in the ruling dynasties of Iran can

be seen in the appearance of many ancient cities of the

country. Among the Seljuk and Safavid actions in Isfahan

and Qazvin, the actions of the Ilkhanids and Agh

Quyunlus in Tabriz, as well as the Safavid and Zandi

actions in Shiraz and Qajar in Tehran, are clear examples

of changes in the political structure of historical contexts.

Today, the product of these historical developments is

considered balanced. "The important point is that the

above measures have shown stability in the face of social,

economic and political developments in cities in the past

centuries and now offer a system of different values."

However, major changes in Iran's historic cities since the

advent of modernity, i.e. from the Pahlavi period,

Background of historical context

The first seminar on historical contexts in Iran was

held at the University of Tehran under the title "The first

1350 years of seminar on the restoration of historic

buildings and cities." The emphasis of the results of this

seminar is as follows:



Emphasis on a comprehensive understanding of

the situation of historical centers in Iran. On the

importance of the place of protection and restoration of

historic buildings and cities in the development system, in

addition to the technical and cultural dimension



Emphasis on the need to develop protection

criteria. Since 1986, an office called the Office for the

Improvement of Historical Textures was established in the

Ministry of Housing and Urban Development at the time,

the product of which was to provide special plans with

relevant regulations in order to protect the textures of

To cite this paper: Alipour

and Akbarpour

(2018). Restoration and rehabilitation of historical context. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (6): 66-70. DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2018.jceu11

concentrations weakened the traditional social structure of

power in the city, including urban, rural, and nomadic

powers, and the pattern of life that had hitherto been

harmonized in the city and the countryside took a deep

toll. Kurdish and the pattern of consumption in cities was

contrasted with the pattern of production in rural areas. In

contrast to the developments in the valley of urban

development, the imbalance with various social, cultural,

economic and physical manifestations and spatial

manifestations can be seen in the general view of cities of

this period. New cities of Iran, in particular, the texture of

Tehran in the development system has moved out of its

historical context, social, natural and indigenous

environment and has become part of the functional and

mechanical system of the city, but the relative revival of

comprehensiveness of the past, using historical texture

patterns is to some extent achievable. On the other hand,

the phenomenon of imbalance in the blurred context of

some of the cities of Iran due to aging over time, is a

matter imposed on its body and is not inherent and it can

certainly get closer to equilibrium by changing the

approach. The historical context of Iranian cities as a

center of transferring valuable experiences, especially

Cultural themes have a value that can be protected and

revived, including the fundamental role of housing model

and the importance and value of home and family in the

concept of privacy in neighborhoods in the historical

context of the country as a stable social structure. The

social structure of the historical context is based on the

spatial unit of the neighborhood. The neighborhood has a

convergent and internal structure and causes social

convergence. "Unfortunately, this neighborhood pattern

has been neglected in the urban development system."

Unconsidered actions, the sense of historical time between

the observer and the television as a process, distorted and

the concept of television in the general form, both the

establishment and the general landscape is destroyed, this

process occurs while protecting the continuity of the

historic city structure and its connection with Sustainable

urban development models will improve the quality of the

environment. The asset-based approach will help for

conservation, restoration, and rehabilitation with the

discovery of context assets, documenting them and

determining the capacity for it, according to the rights of

citizens as the main owners, with a bottom-up and

process-oriented approach. In contrast, there is a need-

based approach that sees the old neighborhood and

context as a dilemma, and plans from the top down and

sees the citizen as the recipient of help. Its product is

consequential and in fact distinguishes between people

and places in the development process. With this

interpretation, the texture of Odlajan can be considered as

an asset, the documentation of which will be the basis of

restoration planning.

A: Empowerment of some historical social structures

that can be maintained, revived and promoted according

to the records and evidence

B: Empowerment of social structures in the historical

context of Tehran to play the role that these contexts will

play in contemporary and future urban life.

A: Empowerment of social structures in the historical

context of Tehran (after compensating for the damage

done to them during the growth of urbanization crisis and

urban development, so they need some kind of

empowerment). In all three of the above cases, the

possibility of success in the perspective of empowering

the social structure of historical contexts is obvious

CONCLUSION

Paying attention to heritage assets in the development

system, over time and extracting sustainable foundations

from them to facilitate the future path "is an issue that is

always possible due to the slogan”, so the present article is

about historical time and historical place and events

monitor the development process in Iranian cities. In this

regard, the following are the products of this research: a)

establishing a balance between development means

expansion and protection with the aim of improving the

quality of the environment: once the destruction of urban

neighborhoods and historic sites was considered a concept

of progress, but now planners. It is important to realize

that the protection of neighborhoods and past heritage is

one of the sustainable foundations in the development of

the city. Therefore, creating

balance between

development and conservation improves the quality of

environmental and social life and considers the identity of

the place. This policy will definitely overshadow the

broad goals of conservation and development.

DECLARATIONS

Authors’ Contributions

Both the authors contributed equally to this work.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing

interests.

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To cite this paper: Alipour

and Akbarpour

(2018). Restoration and rehabilitation of historical context. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (6): 66-70. DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2018.jceu11

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To cite this paper: Alipour

and Akbarpour

(2018). Restoration and rehabilitation of historical context. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (6): 66-70. DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2018.jceu11