Volume 4 : Issue 1, January 2014

Table of Content, 25 January 2014

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pii: S225204301400001-4

A Comparison between Performances of Turbulence Models on Simulation of Solitary Wave Breaking by WCSPH Method

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Original Article, D1
Mahmoudi A., Hakim zadeh H. and Ketabdari M .J

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 01-07. 2014

ABSTRACT:The modeling of Solitary wave breaking is an important subject in coastal and marine engineering, because the damage associated with tsunamis is related to their wave breaking and run-up on the shoreline. In this paper a space-averaged Navier–Stokes approach has been deployed to simulate the Solitary wave breaking on a plane slope. The developed model is based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method which is a pure Lagrangian approach and can handle large deformations of the free surface with high accuracy. Since breaking waves are characterized by high distortion, the turbulence modeling has been of major concern in such simulations. For this study, the large eddy simulation (LES) model was chosen as the turbulence model to couple with the weakly compressible version of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method to simulate the Solitary wave breaking on a plane slope. In order to investigate the Effects of turbulence models on numerical simulations of wave breaking, the results of present study were compared with experimental results and numerical data found in the literatures. The results shown that turbulence modeling have a strong influence on the quality of the results. Furthermore, capability of the WCSPH method along with a LES approach to simulate the Solitary wave breaking on a plane slope was compared with result of ISPH method in the literatures. Finally, it is shown that the WCSPH coupled with LES model performs better than ISPH method.
Keywords:
WCSPH, solitary wave, Turbulence model, LES

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pii: S225204301400002-4

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Total Dissolved Solid in the Simineh River, Iran

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Original Article, D2
Nemati S, Naghipour L and Fazeli Fard MH.

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban. 4(1): 08-13. 2014

ABSTRACT:This research aims to model Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) values at the Simineh River in northwest Iran by application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to evaluate existing water quality conditions and also to predict future conditions in this river. The input parameters of the ANNs model are Calcium (Ca), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Sulfate (SO4), and water discharge (Q) from 1993 to 2011. The performance of the ANNs model was assessed in accordance with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2) between the measured and predicted values. The study also includes an estimation of the relative importance of these variables to determine appropriate input combinations. A method is used in this paper to calculate the relative importance of each input parameters, showing that magnesium and calcium concentrations are the most and least influential parameters, with approximate values of 18 and 12 %, respectively. The ANNs with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer were constructed, and the model with 14 hidden neurons was selected as the best. Comparisons between the measured and predicted values show that the ANNs model could be successfully applied and provide high accuracy and reliability for water quality parameters forecasting.
Keywords:
Artificial Neural Networks, Total Dissolved Solid, Simineh River, Relative Importance, Water Quality

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pii: S225204301400003-4

Green Roof, a Pattern of Traditional Roofs' Architecture in Mazandaran

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Original Article, D3
Valinejad Shoubi M. and Tizghalam Zonouzi S

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 14-18. 2014

ABSTRACT:Building roof as an element in the building which has the maximum contact with abnormal environmental factors (wind, rain, sun and atmospheric pollutants) has always been addressed and emerged in different forms in different climates. Mazandaran is the name of a region located at the north of Iran with a mild and humid weather with high raining. The natives of this region like different regions of the word have achieved the most optimal form proportional to the climate over time, which has devoted a great portion of identity indication of this region to itself. People of this region where a mild and humid weather has, have used natural forage as a pattern in their roofs which is applied as green roof today. This green roof pattern in Mazandaran has been converted into green earthen roofs during its evolutionary steps. Green roof can be known as the result of a positive environmental, ecological procedure which attempts to balance the surrounding environment to decrease the load of abnormal environmental factors. The obvious and hidden positive effects which the green roofs in this region possess, have changed it into a unified factor in all buildings of Mazandaran. The main issue of the paper is written regarding to the survey researches, the study and recognition of different kinds of steep roofs in Mazandaran and its evolutionary direction and the effects which it has on the buildings of this region. The hypothesis of this paper is that there are equal semantic definitions in some components of building in mild and humid regions of the word but the method of facing with these components is different according to the culture of each region. Green roof in Mazandaran region has a different body but the equal meaning as like the other regions of the word.
Keywords:
Mazandaran; Green Roof; Culture Pattern; Vernacular Architecture; Sustainable Design

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pii: S225204301400004-4

Evaluating the Conventional Pushover Procedures for Estimating the Seismic Performance of Steel Plate Shear Walls

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Original Article, D4
Behforooz B., Memarzadeh P. and Behnamfar F

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 19-27. 2014

ABSTRACT:The seismic performance demands of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) are estimated through the conventional pushover procedures. Reliability of the pushover analysis is verified through nonlinear time history analysis (NTHAs) on 9-, 6- and 3-story SPSW frames subjected to seven scaled earthquake records according to ASCE/SEI 7-05 provisions. Story drifts, displacements and story shears are the main parameters studied. A relatively accurate estimation is observed by pushover procedures compared to NTHAs. The accuracy of estimation shows an increase with respect to the height.
Keywords:Steel plate shear wall; conventional pushover analysis; nonlinear time history analysis

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pii: S225204301400005-4

Role of Urban Planning in Decreasing Damages Results of Earthquake in Human Habitats

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Original Article, D5
Khakpoor B. A., Davarinezhad M and Mabhoot M. R

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 28-35. 2014

ABSTRACT:Modern cities by reasons some as type of site selection, unsuitable physical development, heed nonentity of necessary standard and etc. always are subjected perils of nature disaster same as Earthquake. One of the most important items in decrease the wastage of earthquake, is the previous readiness of a society for crash to Earthquake, that can use with Planning scheming, cities could be designed and programmed that caused for control and decrease the undesirable finals and were involved the least damage to them. Increase the quantity of values such as slope of the earth, density of population, construction density, building age and distance from open spaces, is cause to decrease the cities vulnerability, that when the earthquake happen term in very short time by reason of unsustainable of elements and urban spaces in front of the earthquake forces and absence the public penchant, physical damages one obtained in different burble in the cities ambiance. These physical damages are caused to creation the convict, financial and work harms relation and so is cause to economic and social damages and hogtie the urban system. Given the fact that of crisis management in urban programming is important, and special for decreasing the content of harms and human casualty are countered by hazard, it can help to decrease the somatic, economic and social losses. Based on the early course of crisis management, decrease the vulnerability of city in front of the earthquake, just by using the construction preface is impossible and must be consider the human behaviors  that they are cause to increase or decrease the vulnerability. Nevertheless the aim of this article is appraisal the social vulnerability of human in front of the earthquake and checking the role and station the crisis management and urban programming in decrease the losses due of that.
Keywords:
Human Habitats, Crisis Management, Earthquake

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pii: S225204301400006-4

Effects of Pipe’s Roughness and Reservoir Head Levels on Pressure Waves in Water Hammer

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Original Article, D6
Mansuri B., Salmasi F. and Oghati Bakhshayesh B

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 36-40. 2014

ABSTRACT:Water hammer is a transient flow in pipes that was created by suddenly change in velocity in pipes. This phenomenon can cause serious positive and negative pressures in pipes and often with several hazards in pipelines. Overall water hammer creates by closing valves rapidly, suddenly shut off or restarting pumps, and has one of most destructive hydrodynamic phenomena in pressurized pipelines. In this study, governing equations about water hammer is numerically solved by using MATLAB programing language, and then sensitivity analysis in pressure fluctuations has been investigated by changing some effective variables such as pipe roughness type and reservoir head. Numerical solution is based on characteristic lines method. Results show that with increasing in pipe roughness, negative and positive pressures ranges, decreased. Also increasing reservoir water level causes intensive negative and positive pressures in pipe.
Keywords:
Water hammers, Transient Flow, Pump, Positive and Negative Pressure, MATLAB

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pii: S225204301400007-4

Evaluating Earthquake Disaster Management in the Worn Urban Texture (Case Study: Farameh Neighbourhood, Damavand City)

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Original Article, D7

Ghasemi Azadkhani M. J., Ahmadi Disfani Y. and Tavassoli M. R.
Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 41-46. 2014

ABSTRACT: Urban vulnerability to environmental hazards in the countries with the natural and risky environment has been an important challenge in urban sciences, engineering sciences, management and urban planning. This study tries to emphasize influential role of urban planning indicators along with structural indicators of earthquake programs by presenting a method to analyze seismic vulnerability of worn textures, and intends to identify and develop the relationship between urban planning and earthquake disaster management, in order to reduce the seismic vulnerability of old texture of Farameh district in Damavand city. The significance of seismic vulnerability of Damavand city, especially worn textures and spaces of its central parts, regarding the natural unsecure bed and the position of central parts of the city, necessitate estimation of old (worn) textures of central parts of Damavand and prioritize offering instructions to reduce its seismic vulnerability. First, vulnerability position of Damavand city is studied emphasizing on Farameh district, and then Farameh neighborhood is introduced as study area of the research. In analysis level, first the amount and data of indicators are extracted and then weighing of these indicators are studied using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice. Finally, the design of construction vulnerability scenarios will be discussed, using the results obtained from the analysis of the indices in AHP model. It was concluded that expansion and population coverage of high and very high vulnerable areas is high (in central parts and core of the texture), and all in all it indicated high vulnerability of the areas regarding all analyzed physical factors against earthquake.
Keywords:
Earthquake Vulnerability, Physical Indicators, Urban Planning, Disaster Management, Worn Textures, Farameh Neighborhood

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pii: S225204301400008-4

Introduction of Panjeh Ali Bazaar and Ahangarha Bazaar of Yazd of Iran with an Analytical View of Sustainability Concepts

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Original Article, D8
Kazemi M. and Akbarian M

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 47-53. 2014

ABSTRACT: Today the concept of sustainability is considered as one of the important concepts in the world. In this concept, particular attention is paid to a comprehensive and general approach to the association of the three factors of society, economy and the environment. In some developing countries, environmental and technological aspects are considered regardless of social and economic factors. The concept of sustainability or any other concept which is entered in country literature should be interpreted in accordance with the customs and traditions of the country to make it possible for the community to understand and digest in the Iranian culture. In line with the requirements outlined above, this paper intends to investigate comprehensive view of the ancient Persia toward the concept of sustainability, in Panjeh Ali Bazaar and Ahangarha Bazaar of Yazd, while the buildings are analyzed in terms of social, economic and environmental factors. Thus, the study of Panjeh Ali Bazaar and Ahangarha Bazaar of Yazd indicates that environmental strategies used are associated with social and economic aspects, also that the principles and rules used in its sustainable architectural design are derived in a way so as to be useful and usable for today's world and familiar for Iranian community.
Keywords:
Panjeh Ali Bazaar and Ahangarha Bazaar of Yazd, Society, Economy, Thermal comfort, Natural ventilation

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pii: S225204301400009-4

Calibrating the Experimental Area Reduction Method in Assessing the Distribution of Sediments in Droodzan Reservoir Dam in Iran

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Original Article, D9
Gharaghezlou M., Masoudian M. and Fendereski R

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 54-58. 2014

ABSTRACT:The experimental area reduction method is a technique for predicting sediment distribution in dam's reservoir and its parameters (C, m, n) have been obtained by Borland and Miller on the information from a limited number of dams in America. These coefficients can be calibrated for any other reservoirs if there is hydrographic information from the reservoir and then more accurate coefficients can be produced for predictions and programs for water sources. In this research, is employed the primary and secondary hydrographic data of the reservoir to calibrate the area reduction coefficients for Droodzan reservoir. Therefore in utilizing these parameters, the sediment distribution has been predicted in the following years. The result demonstrates that calibrated parameters make 30% reduction on the amount of errors in predicting sediment distribution.
Keywords:
Reservoir Sedimentation, Area Reduction Method, Droodzan Dam

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pii: S225204301400010-4

Sustainability Assessment of Urban Fabrics with Emphasis on the Legal Improvement Strategies (Case Study: Golshan District, Mashhad Metropolis)

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Original Article, D10
Akbari Motlaq M., Mesgarian H., Karimani F and Aminian A.A

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 59-67. 2014

ABSTRACT:Due to rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades, various aspects of human life has been affected. Today, cities are the main actors causing unsustainability in the world. In fact, urban sustainability is related to the world's sustainability. Accordingly, the role of cities and their impact on the sustainability index has attracted the attention of many scientists. To achieve the aim of this paper, Golshan district with over 1500 years old and organic structure was chosen as the case study to determine its urban fabric's sustainability and studying improvements via legal approaches. The research method is descriptive- analytical using content analysis and hierarchical analysis. Software such as SPSS and Arc Map were utilized in case of quantitative and qualitative indicators calculating, and other data processing and preparing maps. The results of this study about unsustainable zones in Golshan district indicate that not only regulations are not in line with the principles of sustainability, but also physical-environmental regulations have been neglected and there is no integrated approach to implement guidelines; leading to reduced social, economic and managerial sustainability. Finally, the effective rules of National Building Regulation were considered to propose amendments, making them more efficient. The proposed supplements for the National Building Regulations are exposed as the organic urban fabrics legal improvement guidelines
Keywords:
Organic Urban Fabric, Urban Sustainable Development, AHP, National Building Regulations, Golshan District of Mashhad


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pii: S225204301400011-4

Offering and Classifying Ecological Strategies and Principles Based on Four Cs Regulations, in order to Achieve Sustainable Urbanization; Case Study: Old Shahr-E-Kord Texture

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Original Article, D11
Kabiri Dehkordi N. and Massoud M.

Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 68-76. 2014

ABSTRACT:Neglecting environmental and domestic issues meanwhile becoming modern is a problem which its effects have been revealed more and more especially in last decades. Here, ancient structures of cities, having been changed to a barren and a threat to environment and urban ecosystems because of neglecting and paying no attention to them are affected the most. In other words, because of neglecting ecological rules and standards they were regarded consciously or unconsciously. Today, even though renovation plans were approved and accomplished in some cases, they not only ignored environmental and ecological rules but also damaged their surroundings seriously. In general, these damages include unsuitable constructions, increase of energy, water and soil consumption, high production of carbon and its distribution in the atmosphere, damage to the nature of the region. Ancient structure of Shahr-e-kord which is the origin of this city in some way is not an exception. In addition to mentioned issues, neighborhoods lost their relationship with the region and the residents of the neighborhood migrated from the structure; the purpose of this research is rebuilding and renovation of this structure by defining a frame for ecological rules and by getting the urban ecology. In this regard, this research uses field analysis to identify and analyze the region. Furthermore, rules of urban ecology and ecological city, expressed in different theories, are extracted from books and are applied to rebuilding of ancient structure of Shahr-e-kord in order to start and motivate the development of other urban structures.
Keywords:
Ecologic Principle, Four Cs, Shahr-e-Kord Old Urban Texture, Urban Ecology, Urban Design

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pii: S225204301400012-4

Investigating Performance of Windscop Installed on Towers in Arid Regions with Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Case Study: I&M Bank in Nairobi)

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Original Article, D12

Hooshmand Aini A., Ahmadnia B and Ahmadnia Bh.
Journal. Civil Eng. Urban.
4(1): 77-80. 2014

ABSTRACT:The windscops are designed mainly to direct the wind and fresh air in the buildings. The windscops are able to gather the outside air and direct it into the building. If we want to make a windscops very effective, it shall be able to rotate on all directions. The windscops performance reaches to its top point when they are designed to direct the air for a big hall like an amusement park, etc. In this paper we paid more of our focus on performance analysis for a type of windscops which are installed on tower peaks. At first, we conducted analysis by means of GAMBIT software regarding the geometric model of windscops and the structure analysis, and then we continued to analyze them by means of FLUENT software regarding their pattern of flow. The results of such analyses were demonstrated as velocity on X&Y directions, and flow pattern.
Keywords:
Windscops, Natural Ventilation, CFD, Renewable Energy, FLUENT

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